Section A (60 minutes, 30 points)

Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One

Starvation probably doesn’t sound like a key to living well into old age. But as strange as it seems, calorie restriction, done intermittently, appears to be one of the gateways to lasting long-term health. The concept has already been proved effective in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys. However, very limited research has been done to evaluate the health impact of calorie restriction in humans. In animals, calorie restriction is associated with longevity, decreased risk for cancer and inflammatory diseases and lower cognitive decline. The challenge has been to translate the concept to the real world in which humans need to eat to get through the day. A new study tested out a modified version of the concept on humans. Researchers at the University of Southern California have designed what they call a “fasting mimicking diet” that provides all the benefits of starving yourself", with a little less starvation.

The plan lasts for five days a month, with a cycle that’s repeated for three months. On Day One, a dieter eats food from the prescribed plan that totals 1, 090 calories with 10 percent protein, 56 percent fat, and 34 percent carbohydrates. On Days Two through Five... dieters consume just 725 calories with 9 percent protein, 44 percent fat, and 47 percent carbohydrates. People on the diet ate vegetable soup, energy bars, energy drinks and low-calorie snack chips, and drank a lot of chamomile tea. They also took vegetable-based dietary supplements. On non-dieting days they ate normally.

It may sound gimmicky, but Vijg, one of the researchers, says existing science already backs up the claim that the plan could effectively improve human health and prolong life. In humans, the diet provided a number of physiological changes that could reduce risk factors for age-related conditions such as reduced blood glucose and insulin levels.

In essence, fasting has the ability to improve stress response on a cellular level. A person on this program is likely to lose weight over time, but researchers say better health in old age is the real benefit. With the right marketing, Vijg believes a fasting mimicking diet could become the next commercially branded diet craze, like Atkins or Paleo. However, it could also have some practical applications in a medical setting. A physician could prescribe the diet to a patient for a specific amount of time before surgery, chemotherapy and other types of treatments and procedures that are known to cause trauma and stress to the body.

36. What is the difficulty in the research of the effect of starvation on humans?

A. Humans need to eat in real life.

B. Animals are free from diseases.

C. Humans and animals respond differently to starvation.

D. Humans and animals have different life expectancy.

37. The modiHed version of the concept refers to .

A. a diet with fruits and vegetables only B. a periodic diet with a little food

C. a calorie-consistent diet D. a diet lasting for five days only

38. What kind of food is NOT allowed on dieting days?

A. Energy supplements. B. Sport drinks.

C. Meat and fish. D. Food with additives.

39. According to the researchers, what benefits can people get by following the plan?

A. Nice body shape. B. Psychological well-being.

C. Better health in old age. D. Good relations with others.

40. Atkins and Paleo in the last paragraph most probably refer to brand names of .

A. healthy teas B. popular diets

C. fast food D. weight-reducing medicines

41. What is the best title for the passage?

A. The Less Calorie, the Better?

B. Say No to Starvation.

C. A Proved Method of Weight Management.

D. Could a 5-day Fasting Diet Prolong Your Life?

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