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Almost every day the media discovers an African American community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills, garbage dumps, petrochemical plants,refineries, bus depots, and the list goes on. For years, residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds.

But citizens didn't remain silent for long. Local activists have been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice since as far back as 1968．More than three decades ago,the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental or civil rights groups. But environmental justice fits squarely under the civil rights umbrella. It should not be forgotten that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968, seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid and whose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions.

In 1979, a landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in Houston, followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s, rallied activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention.

In 1991, a new breed of environmental activists gathered in Washington, D．        C．, to bring national attention to pollution problems threatening low-income and minority communities. Leaders introduced the concept of environmental justice, protesting that Black,poor and working-class communities often received less environmental protection than White or more affluent communities. The first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what “the environment” was understood to mean. It expanded the definition to include where we live, work, play, worship and go to school, as well as the physical and natural world. In the process, the environmental justice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the United States and, ultimately, worldwide.

Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain unaddressed, the second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit was convened in Washington, D. C., this past October. The second summit was planned for 500 delegates; but more than 1,400 people attended the four-day gathering.

“We are pleased that the Summit Ⅱ was able to attract a record number of grassroots activists, academicians, students, researchers, planners, policy analysts and government officials. We proved to the world that our movement is alive and well, and growing,” says Beverly Wright, chair of the summit. The meeting produced two dozen policy papers that show powerful environmental and health disparities between people of color and Whites.

42．In paragraph 1, the word “residents” refers to ______ in particular.

A．ethnic groups in the US

B．the American general public

C．African Americans

D．the US working-class

43．More than three decades ago, environmental justice was ______.

A．controversial among local activities

B．first proposed by Martin Luther King Jr.

C．fascinating to the civil rights groups

D．barely realized by many environmentalists

44．In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis to help the garbage workers ______.

A．get relieved of some of their basic duties

B．know what environmental justice was

C．fight for better working conditions

D．recognize their dangerous surroundings

45．Paragraph 3 implies that, in 1979, ______.

A．the environmental justice issues were first brought to court in Houston

B．environmental activists cooperated in defying the US government

C．the government intervention helped promote environmental justice

D．environmental problems attracted the attention of the government

46．The new breed of environmental activists differed from the previous activists in that ______.

A．they noticed environmental disparities between the rich and the poor

B．they cried for government intervention in saving the environment

C．they knew what “the environment” really meant to the White people

D．they practiced environmentalism outside as well as within the US

47．With respect to getting environmental justice, Summit Ⅱ was aimed for ______.

A．showing the achieved success

B．attracting national attention

C．identifying relevant issues

D．finding solutions to the problems

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