希賽網為考生們整理了2007年中共中央黨校考博英語問答題真題，供考生們備考復習。

Edward Said’s Orientalism is a study of 'the West’s’ representations of the East’ and, in particular, how they underpinned imperialist political ambitions and administrations. There are, however, some limitations on this. It is primarily a study of the Arabic or Islamic world rather than other ’Orients’; it deals almost exclusively with textual sources; and it is concerned mainly with English. French and North American representations in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. What Said is challenging is the way in which these representations divide up the globe, assuming that there is some real meaning in the notions of ‘West’ and ‘East’ (or ‘Occident’ and ‘Orient’). As he says: ‘the notion that there are geographical spaces with indigenous, radically ’different’ inhabitants who can be defined on the basis of some religion, culture or racial essence proper to that geographical space is…a highly debatable idea, What he is questioning is what we can call ‘geographical essentialism’: the absolute fixing of a singular set of meanings to a portion of the globe and its people. This objection is not just a theoretical one but an ethic and political one too. He asks us to consider what the consequences for ‘humanity’ are of these forms of division and representation
Said’s argument is that the ‘Orient’ is a Western invention: ‘a place of romance. Exotic beings, haunting memories and landscapes, remarkable experiences’. This imaginary quality distinguishes it from the more prosaic ‘East’. It is, he argues, produced within the discourse he calls ‘Orientalism’, a way of talking about the world that has operated in a great variety of ways over a substantial period. Orientalism is a way of thinking about, talking about and representing the world that makes sense of it, and makes statements about it, based on a division of it into two parts: West and East. So we can say that Orientalism dichotomies. Second, there is an assumption that one can speak about these parts in general terms. As Said notes, ’One could speak in Europe of an Oriental personality, an Oriental atmosphere, and Oriental tale, Oriental despotism, or an Oriental mode of production, and be understood’. This allows statements such as that made by Lord Cromer in 1908 to be acceptable: ‘Want of accuracy, which easily degenerates into untruthfulness, is in fact the main characteristic of the Oriental mind’. Humanity is stripped down to ‘ruthless cultural and racial essences’. So we can say that Orientalism essentialises. Finally, there is in all of this a strong sense that East and West are to be compared, with the East eventually coming off worse, even though this may be tinged with nostalgia. As Lord Cromer continued: ‘The "European is a close reasoner; his statements of fact are devoid of any ambiguity’. So we can say that Orientalism creates hierarchies. These, then, are the ‘rules’ according to which this discourse works.
問題內容：
1.What is the most appropriate title for this passage?
2.How many criticisms of Said’s work does the author mention in the passage? What are they?

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