華北電力大學(xué)2022年考博英語(yǔ)真題

Part I READING COMPREHENSION (2*15=30 points)

Directions: In this section, there are three reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.

Passage One

Why do some people bounce back from difficult experiences while others don’t fare quite so well? Resilience is essentially a set of skills—as opposed to a disposition or personality type—that make it possible for people not only to get through hard times but to thrive during and after them. Just as rubber rebounds after being squeezed, so do resilient people.

Much of the new evidence suggests that with a little practice, anyone can develop resilience, says Southwick, a professor at the Yale School of Medicine. That’s good news, because humans get stressed far more than they realize. The hot-and-cold boss, the traffic delays, the argument with their spouse, the monthly bills—these are all registered as stress in the brain. “The vast majority of us will be faced with one or more major traumatic stressors during a lifetime,” says Southwick. But the countless smaller stresses also take a toll. Resilience, research shows, can help with that, and it’s not a moment too soon, given that nearly all our modern ills, including heart disease and possibly even brain disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, have stress as a common risk factor.

Discovering why some of us fare better in response to stress than others has always been at the heart of resilience research. Now techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging make it possible for scientists to look beyond their own observations of people and into the parts of their brains that govern emotion. By observing patterns of blood flow, they can measure brain activity and see, for instance, what stress looks like in different people. Like the animal whose pulse returns quickly to normal once it has successfully outrun a predator, resilient brains seem to shut off the stress response and return to baseline quickly. “Resilient people seem to have the capacity to appropriately regulate the subcortical fear circuits under conditions of stress.”

So far, researchers have found that facing the things that scare you relaxes the fear circuitry, making that a good first step in building resilience. Studies have shown that traits scientists once thought of as nice but unnecessary—like having a strong network of social support—are critical to resilience. “Very few highly resilient individuals are strong in and by themselves,” Southwick says. “You need support.” In an interesting experiment, scientists have learned that working the body’s muscles makes people’s minds more resilient as well. That’s because exercise also spurs the development of new neurons, which are quite literally damaged by stress, Southwick says. Over time, regular exercise can tamp down a person’s stress response.

1. It can be known from the passage that resilience is ____.

A. a born capability that supports people through hard times

B. a capability that can be nurtured after practice

C. a set of surviving skills that help people in extreme environment

D. a mental mechanism that helps people to cope with destructive trauma

2. It seems to be suggested by the author that ____.

A. stress, major or minor, has a damaging effect on people’s health

B. people exposed to smaller stressors are more likely to break down physically

C. stress is the direct cause for nearly all kinds of modern disease

D. it is hard for people suffering from traumatic experience to build up resilience

3. Paragraph 3 introduces that scientists can monitor people’s resilience by ____.

A. observing people’s behavior under stress

B. shutting off the stress mechanism in the brain

C. measuring brain activity with the aid of medical instruments

D. regulating subcortical fear circuit under the condition of stress

4. Which of the following is not mentioned as a way to build up resilience?

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